论社会矛盾

On Social Contradictions

近一二十年,中国正处于社会转型时期,城市化水准的提高,加剧了城市病的爆发,尤其是由金融危机引发的全球性经济危机,使得社会矛盾呈现出多发、复杂的局面。社会矛盾的多发与激化,提高了中国社会、经济发展的代价和成本。能不能用高超的社会管理来减弱经济危机的强度,加快走出经济危机的步伐,这就要看我们化解社会矛盾的本领了。在新形势下,大量的社会矛盾是在根本利益一致的前提下的矛盾,在性质上是人民内部矛盾,是公权与私权的矛盾,是公民与公民社会之间的矛盾,不是对抗性的矛盾。按深层次的原因分类,我国当前的社会矛盾主要有贫富矛盾、官民矛盾、政社矛盾和文化矛盾。这些矛盾呈现出以下十个特点:(1)从成因上看,具有复杂性、综合性、多因性;(2)从形成过程来看,具有突发性、敏捷性;(3)从规模上看,有增大的趋势,富有超大群体性;(4)从组织性上看,具有严密性;(5)从烈度上看,呈现出暴力化倾向;(6)从手段上看,出现智能化倾向;(7)从化解历程上看,具有持久性;(8)从波及面上看,具有全球性;(9)从后果上看,具有危险性;(10)从周期性上看,具有间歇性、阶段性、专题性。要化解社会矛盾,必须是多种手段并用,法律的、政策的、经济的、行政的、道德的、宗教的,包括乡规民约等等。更重要的是,要用改革的精神,重新学习化解社会矛盾的方法:(1)学会做群众工作、学会做社会工作。这本来是我们的优良传统,但在新形势下,不但要重新强调,而且要有新发展。一是要端正群众观点,解决好把群众摆在什么位置上的大问题。二是要深入了解群众。要"理顺社会情绪",必须先要了解社会情绪。只有摸到群众的心窝,做起工作来才能对症下药。三是要用群众的语言做群众工作,跟群众交流。四是充分运用群众组织。要视群众组织为得力伙伴,为可靠的诤友,在化解社会矛盾时让群众组织打头阵。五是运用社会学理论。有理论指导事半功倍。(2)学会用大讨论来化解社会矛盾。讨论可以充分地比较、鉴别、辩论,实行时可以兴利除弊,充分提高化解矛盾的效率。(3)学会用大调解来化解社会矛盾。要有一支热心于调解的队伍;要形成一个有经有纬的、有核心有外围的调解网络;调解必须形成制度;要不断改进调解的方法。和谐社会并非无矛盾社会,甚至也不是无冲突社会。矛盾是普遍的。矛盾的双方产生、化解、结合,这就是社会演化的规律。

Over the past one or two decades, China has been in a period of social transformation. With the enhancement of urbanization level, urban maladies are exacerbating. Especially, the global economic crisis triggered by the financial crisis, is bringing about the multiplicity and complexity of social contradictions, which increases the price and cost of social, economic development in China. h will depend on our ability to resolve social contradictions to weaken the financial crisis, by social management skills, so as to get rid of it as quickly as possible. Under the new situation, a large number of social contradictions belong to the ones on the premise of identical fundamental interests, which, in nature, are contradictions among the people or the contradictions between the public power and the private right, or the contradictions between the citizen and its society, rather than antagonistic contradictions. By deep-rooted reasons, chiefly, there are following social contradictions： contradictions between the rich and the poor; contradictions between officials and people; contradictions between the government and the society; contradictions between all kinds of culture. All these contradictions are characteristic of following ten aspects： （ 1 ） from the viewpoint of causes, possessing complexity, comprehensiveness, and multi-factors ; （2） from the viewpoint of process, showing burstiness and agility; （3） from the viewpoint of scale, having a tendency to increase, and being full of large groups; （4） from the viewpoint of organization, having tightness; （5） from the viewpoint of intensity, displaying a tendency toward violence; （6） from the viewpoint of means, coming forth intelligence ; （7） from the viewpoint of resolving processes, embodying sustainability ; （8） from the viewpoint of magnitude, being global; （9） from the viewpoint of consequences, being dangerous; （10） from the viewpoint of periodicity, being intermittent, periodic and thematic. In order to resolve above-mentioned social contradictions, it is necessary to bring into use a variety of skills, including ones of such scopes as law, policy, economy, morality, administration, religion, as well as the regulation about rural people. More importantly, it is also vital, by virtue of reform spirit, to make research for new skills of resolving social contradictions. First, learn how to do mass work and social work. This should be our fine tradition, but under the new situation, it is not only to be re-emphasized, but also to be developed. On the one hand, correct the wrong view of the masses so as to put right their position; and on the other hand, understand better the masses and be friends with them, only by doing which, can we suit the remedy to the case. At the same time, believe in and rely on the masses, and use their language when doing works about them. And also, make a full use of their organization and take sociology as a theoretical guidance. Secondly, learn how to use extensive discussion to resolve social contradictions. In doing so, such methods as comparison, identification and debate should be used so as to improve fully the efficiency of resolving social contradictions. Thirdly, learn how to use extensive mediation to resolve social contradictions. While an enthusiastic team in mediation should be established, a three-dimension network of mediation should be formed, in which, there are both core and periphery. What＇s more, build a system of mediation and continue to improve working methods. Since harmonious society doesnt mean society without contradictions, nor society without confrontations, contradictions in society are universal. The law of social evolution is the form, resolving and combination of the contradictions between the two parties.