“こ-”与“这-”的比较研究——以人称指称、时间表达为例

A Contrastive Study on "ko-" and "zhe-"——Based on Personal Reference and the Expression of Time

日汉指示词分别有一个中性词"この人"、"这"用来指人。"これ"、"这个"直接指人时受限制,原则上两者都不能用于指称上司、长辈,但可以指称亲属或关系亲密的人。"这个"的使用范围比"これ"广,在非正式场合,当关系亲密或带有调侃之意时,既使指称对象是上司或长辈也可使用"这个",但"これ"无此用法。"この方"、"こちら"为敬意表达,与"这位"对应。"‘こ-/这-’+时间语素"都可以表示以发话时间为基准的不远的过去或不久的将来,但汉语没有"这里+时间"的表达。

Both Japanese and Chinese contain a neuter demonstrative ＂konohito＂ and ＂zhe＂, which stand for person. The usages of＂kore＂ and ＂zhege＂ are limited. For instance, they cannot refer to boss and elder directly when they are used for person, but may be used to claim the relatives and intimate friends. The usage of＂zhege＂ is broader than that of＂kore＂ ＂Zhege＂ can be used in the informal situation, even for boss and elder, but ＂kore＂ could not. ＂Konokata＂ and ＂kochira＂ contain the meaning of respect as well as ＂＇zhewei＇. ＇＂Ko-/zhe-＇＋temporal morpheme＂ denotes the near past or the immediate future. Compared with Japanese, Chinese doesn＇t have the phrase pattern of＂zheli＋temporal morpheme＂ for the expression of time.