东北三省主要农作物耗水量与缺水量研究

Study on Water Consumption and Deficiency of Main Crops in Northeastern China

东北三省是中国未来30年内最主要的粮食生产后备基地,该地区的水土资源和农业种植结构的合理配置是重振东北的一项重要任务。利用东北三省2002年以县为单位的主要农作物统计年鉴数据、GIS数据和DNDC模型作物基本生理数据,研究了该区主要农作物耗水量与缺水量空间分布特征,农业用水合理规划以及作物种植结构合理调整等问题。结果显示:①2002年东北三省农作物缺水量为1515.6亿m3,缺水率为57.1%。其中辽宁省农作物缺水量最为严重,为562.1亿m3,黑龙江省单位面积缺水率最高,为69.0%。②未来黑龙江省作物将大幅度增产,尤其是玉米和大豆;辽宁省主要粮食作物缺水情况将加剧,应加大人工灌溉。③黑龙江省东部尤其是三江平原地区适宜扩大水稻种植面积,其次是大豆,应适当压缩玉米种植面积;吉林省最适宜种植的作物是玉米,其次是水稻和大豆;辽宁省应巩固现有耕地面积,大力提高作物单产。

Natural environmental resources and reasonable configuration of agricultural planting structural are the two important targets of reperking in the northeastern China, where is the uppermost food provision base in the future 30 years. In this paper, depending on the statistical datum in 2002, GIS datum and crop physiological databases in the DNDC （denitrification and decomposition） model, it was analyzed that the spatial distribution characteristics of water consumptions and deficiencies of main food crops, optimal planning based on the agricultural water resources and rational regulation based on crop-planting structures were also been discussed. It was shown that： （1） The quantity of main crops with water deficiency was 151.56 billion m^3 and the rate of water deficiency was 57.1% in northeast China, 2002. These characteristics were the most serious in Liaoning and Heilongjiang Province, which were 56.21 billion m^3 and 69.0%, then the Heilongjiang Province. （2）The main crops production in Heilongjiang Province, especially the corn and soybean, will increase significantly with the increasing of accumulation temperature. Manual irrigation in Liaoning Province should be extended. （3） Rice planting areas should be enlarged in Heilongjiang Province especially in the Three-river plain, on the other hand, the corn planting areas should be reduced properly. Then, the most appropriate crop is corn in Jilin Province, secondly rice and soybean. At present, cultivating land should be consolidated and the crops production would be improved in Liaoning Province.