内向化与外向化--开埠前后上海、宁波两港不同的发展态势

Introversion and Extroversion—Two Different Development Trends of Shanghai Harbor and Ningbo Harbor before and after They were Opened as Commercial Ports

近代开埠前后,中国的贸易网络发生了很大变化。由京广水道和沿海航线所组成的相交于广州的"V"字型国内贸易网络转变为由长江水道和沿海航线所组成的交汇于上海的"T"字型国内贸易网络,多核心的朝贡贸易网络也被以上海、香港为中心的双核心国际贸易网络所取代。明代,宁波港是朝贡贸易网络中重要的节点;清代,宁波港和日本等国的民间贸易很兴盛,西欧商人也一直希望能在宁波港开展贸易,因此港口的外向化明显;上海港在清嘉庆年间才取代刘河港成为苏州地区的出海港,和东北等地的豆货贸易非常发达,上海港逐渐成为国内贸易的重要港口。开埠后,中国贸易网络的巨变,一方面促进了上海港的外向化,另一方面又导致作为上海港近邻的宁波港趋于内向化,最终沦为上海港的支线港。

The trade network of China has undergone great changes before and after some of its cities opened as commercial ports in modern times.Shanghai Harbor gradually became an important harbor of trade both at home and abroad,while Ningbo Harbor,once an important port in foreign trade,got more introversive and was operating as a sub - harbor of Shanghai Harbor.