东原“心知”之论及其性情思想的学术思想史索解——戴震关于性情问题的思考之二

Academic Thoughts on the Theory of Dong Yuan's "Heart Knowing" and the Understanding of "Nature Feeling"——Second Thought on Dai Zhen's View of "Nature Feeling"

戴震认为"知"是必不可少的人性"三要素"之一,是人的类本质,也即人禽之间的根本差异。"知"的功用的发挥又赖于"心"的作用。人之"心知"在认知中出现偏差和不足,是由于"蔽"。戴震以汉学立场和训诂考据的工夫,裁断宋明儒心性论、性情论的话语内容和方式,主要来自佛禅。他作《孟子字义疏证》,以重建孟学原貌自期。但这部著作基本上是在内外学术压力下撰成的。可以说,戴氏作《疏证》,意不全在批驳宋儒,也不在准确地体显孟子之学,而是要表达其在人性、包括性情方面的新思考。戴震主张情与理应体现在建构一种正当而合理的人、我关系方面。这接近哈贝马斯所谓"交往理性"的思想,它对于我们理解东方思想哲学的现代价值是有意义的。宋儒、清儒都未曾有幸亲睹先秦孔、孟之间的一批儒家简牍文献。这批上世纪90年代面世的地下简本文献,揭示了传统儒家的性情论思想并非与本土文化资源没有挂搭。

Dai Zhen believes that ＂knowing＂ is one of the three necessary human nature＇s essential factors. ＂Knowing＂ is the ability of rational cognition ability. It is the humankind＇s own essence, which is the basic difference between human and animal Human＇s ＂heart knowing＂ deviation and disadvantage which happen in the course of cognition are because of ＂concealment＂. Dai Zhen＇ s views, in the position of sinology whilst by his commentary work on ancient Chinese classics, of analyzing the Confucian＇ s nature and feeling of Ming and Qing in terms of their sayings＇ meaning and manner, are mainly influenced by Zen Buddhism. He writes ＂Mengzi Ziyi Shuzheng＂ in expectation of rebuilding study of Mencius. However, this bookmaking is done mostly under both inter- nal and external pressures of academies. So it may be concluded that Dai Zhen＇s work is neither for entirely criticizing Song-Confuclans nor for accurately defining study of Mencius;but it does deliver out his new consideration on human＇s nature in general, also includes aspects of human feelings within Chinese cultural context. Dai Zhen claims the relationship between emotion and reason should be based on a justified and rational connection of ＂Aspects of People and Me＂. This view seems to be related to Juergen Habermas＇ thought of ＇Communicative Rationality＇. As a result, it should make sense in helping us understand the modern values of eastern idealistic philosophy. Neither Song nor Qing＇s Confucians are lucky enough to read the literary works of Confucius and Mencius by bamboo slips from Chinese Pre-Qin period. These underground ancient literatures exposed in 1990s have revealed that traditional Confucian thought of Nature and ＂Feeling is not unmatched at all to Chinese native cultural resources.