副词“还”的“反预期”语用功能及“反预期”的义源追溯

On the Counter-expectation Pragmatic Function of Adverb Hai and its Source

副词"还"义项繁多,其中有些义项在特定语境中表达"反预期"的语用功能,也就是说,"还"所嵌入的句子传达"与预期相反"的话语信息,"反预期"体现的是说话人的立场、观点或态度,所以"反预期"的"还"具有主观性。根据"反预期"功能实现条件,我们发现以下6类义项和用法的"还"具有反预期语用功能:用于转折复句中、用于"比"字句、用在褒义形容词前表主观评价、用在"X还VP呢,别提/不用说/何况Y"和"还VP/NP呢"两种句式中、作为一种语气词、"持续义"的"还"不负载句子重音时。"还"从动词虚化为副词,副词又主观化,在整个发展过程中,其"意象—图式"结构保持不变,也就是说,其源义仍然滞留于副词"还",正是源义滞留使得副词"还"具有反预期的语用功能。

The adverb Hai has many meanings, some of which have the counter-expectation pragmatic function in a given context. In other words, Hal leads a phrase or clause that convey information contrary to expectation, usually in the speaker＇ s position, view or attitude, making the counter-expectation subjective. In line with the realizing condition of counter-expectation function, the following six meanings and usages of Hai are found to have counter-expectation pragmatic function： in an adversative clause; in a comparative or contrastive sentence; before a positive adjective to express subjective evaluation; in the two patterns of ＂X hai VP le, bie ti / bu yong shuo / he kuang Y （ X is still VP, let alone Y）＂ and ＂hai VP/NP （ is still VP/NP）＂ ; as a modal word; when Hai expresses a continuous meaning but is not stressed in a sentence. Hai has changed it- self from a verb into an adverb, which in turn is subjectivized. In the process, the ＂image-schema＂ structure never changes. That is say, the original verb meaning lingers in the adverb Hai, which gives rise to its counter-expectation pragmatic function.