大豆杂种产量和品质性状早世代优势和亲本配合力分析

Studies on Hybrid Heterosis and Parental Combining Ability of Yield and Quality Traits in Early Generations of Soybean

【目的】研究黄淮地区一组优良大豆亲本早世代(F1～F3)产量与品质性状的杂种优势和自交衰退表现,分析杂种早世代亲本产量与品质性状配合力的变化特点,为大豆杂种品种和家系品种选育的亲本选配和后代选择提供依据。【方法】以来自黄淮地区及美国的8个大豆重要亲本及其组配的28个双列杂交组合为材料,以中亲优势率、超亲优势率作为杂种优势的指标,以自交衰退率作为自交衰退的指标,采用DIALLEL-SAS05软件进行多世代数据的联合方差分析和配合力分析。【结果】(1)黄淮地区大豆亲本间产量性状普遍存在杂种优势和自交衰退现象,产量优势最大,单株荚数和单株粒数次之,百粒重无优势。F1杂种优势大的性状,其F2、F3自交衰退率一般也较大。生育期及品质性状(蛋白质和脂肪含量)杂种优势不明显,自交衰退也不明显。(2)大豆产量存在显著的一般配合力×世代和特殊配合力×世代的互作,杂种F1表现配合力高的亲本不一定在后代表现出高配合力。亲本品质性状的一般配合力×世代和特殊配合力×世代的互作效应不显著,由杂种一代的配合力预测杂种后代的可靠性较高。(3)亲本本身产量性状的的高低不能估计其一般配合力效应。但亲本本身蛋白质、脂肪含量的高低是估计其一般配合力效应的重要指标。【结论】黄淮地区大豆亲本间各性状中以产量的杂种优势最大,自交衰退率也较大,不宜直接利用杂种二代。杂种优势利用和杂种后代家系选育可能有不同的最佳亲本和组合。杂种早世代开始对籽粒蛋白质与脂肪含量进行定向选择,有利于及早提高后代的含量。

[Objective] The present study was aimed at evaluating the hybrid heterosis, inbreeding depression and combining ability performed in F1--F3 generations of 14 yield and quality traits among parental materials of soybean in Huang-Huai velleys so as to provide guidelines of parental selection and early generation selection in breeding of hybrid cultivars and inbred line cultivars. [Method] A set of eight parental cultivars chosen from Huang-Huai valleys and the US along with their 28 diallel crosses were tested in 2005. The mid-parent heterosis and high-parent heterosis as well as inbreeding depression were evaluated for each of the 14 traits. DIALLEL-SAS05 was used to carry out the combined analysis of variance of combining ability of eight traits in F1, F2 and F3 generations. [Result] The obtained results were as follows： （1） There appeared hybrid heterosis and inbreeding depression for yield-related traits, among them, yield heterosis was the largest, that of number of pods per plant and seeds per plant the next, while no obvious heterosis for 100-seed-weight was observed. The traits with high F2 heterosis performed high inbreeding depression in F2 and F3, therefore, were not appropriate for utilization of heterosis in Fl-derived generations. But there showed no obvious hybrid heterosis in maturity and quality （protein and oil contents） traits. （2） There existed significant GCA×Generation and SCA×Generation interaction in yield, therefore, the parental cultivars with high combining ability performed in F1 were not necessary with high combining ability in derived inbred generations, while no significant GCAxGeneration and SCAxGeneration interaction of quality traits were observed, therefore, the combining ability performed in F1 could predict that in derived inbred generations. （3） The yield of the parental materials per se could not be used as an indicator of its GCA, but the protein and oil contents of them per se could be used as an indicator of its GCA. [ Conclusion] The heterosis of yield was the largest among the traits studied, but that in F1-derived generations declined and, therefore, not useful in production. There might be different superior parental materials and crosses in F1 hybrid cultivars and derived inbred line cultivars. In breeding for line cultivars, selection pressure can be put on early hybrid generations for the effective improvement of the quality traits.