国家权力视角下的生监群体——以清嘉庆刑科题本为中心

Sheng-yuan and Chien-sheng from the Perspective of State Power:A Research Focusing on Penal Memorials to the Throne in Jiaqing Era in Ch’ing Dynasty

绅士研究是明清研究中的热点,相形之下,对作为绅士下层的生监的研究显得较为薄弱。本文利用新近出版《清嘉庆朝刑科题本社会史料辑刊》中关于生监的新史料,从中发掘新意蕴,以检视并校正明清研究中的明清绅士研究的相关己有理论。本文认为,生监是一个高度分化的群体,新材料一定程度上支持了"乡绅土地所有制"论,但不支持"乡绅统治论"。而且从生监的层面看,绅士的社会功能面临国家权力和宗族权力的双重挤压,有不断边缘化的趋势。

It is a hot research topic on the Gentry in Ming and Ch’ing Dynasty. However,the researches on Sheng-yuan and Chien-sheng,who were among the lower class of Gentry,have been proved inferior by comparison. Referring to the newly found historical data of the imperial college students in the recently published Penal Memorials to the Throne in Jiaqing Era in Ch’ing Dynasty-Series published of Social and Historical Materials,this paper explores new connotations and reviews and corrects the existing theories related to the researches on gentry in Ming and Ch’ing Dynasty. The paper argues that Sheng-yuan and Chien-sheng are a highly differentiated group. To a certain degree,the new materials support the theory of 'country gentry land tenure' instead of the theory of 'country gentry reign'. Besides,seen from the level of Sheng-yuan and Chien-sheng,the social functions of gentlemen face the dual pressures from both the state power and the Clan power,being constantly marginalized.