从合作生产到“亲手制作”——从文艺复兴时期赞助模式的演变看西方现代艺术家的兴起

From Cooperative Production to "Sua Mano":Changes of the Patronage and Rise of Modern Artists during the Italian Renaissance

意大利文艺复兴时期不仅是西方艺术发展的一个高峰期,也是现代西方艺术传统的发端时期。就对艺术品和艺术家的态度来说,在此之前,艺术赞助人通常把视觉艺术家和普通手艺人不加区别地都视为体力劳动者。他们一般只重视艺术品的题材和内容而轻视甚至是鄙视艺术家,并在很大程度上控制着艺术品的制作和生产过程。但从文艺复兴时期开始,赞助人关注的重点逐渐从艺术品转向艺术家自身的才能和技艺,具体表现为在委托制作合同中对艺术家须"亲手制作"部分的详细规定。对艺术家价值的高度肯定正是现代艺术的一个重要特征,在这个意义上来说,这一重要变化标志着现代艺术家的诞生。

The Italian Renaissance was not only one of the golden periods in the history of western art, it also signified the beginning of the tradition of western modern art. Prior to this period, patrons regarded indifferently visual artists and common craftsmen as manual workers. They paid much attention to the theme or content of art works but despised artists, and controlled the production of art works to great extent. But from the Italian Renaissance, the focus of art patron gradually shifted from art works to the talent and skill of artists. This recognition of the value of artists, representing the important difference between traditional art and modern art, signifies the birth of modern artists.