从《老子》郭店本“绝智弃辩”到今本“绝圣弃智”

An Explanation for "Giving Up Wisdom and Debate" of Laozi Unearthed at Guodian

郭店《老子》"绝智弃辩"既不是老聃为王侯设计的"下智"策略,也不是简单的绝弃"智士"或"智慧",而是老聃告诫王侯在治国理民时要绝弃无稽多变、伪诈巧辩之言,以守自己之"中正"。帛书《老子》"多闻数穷,不若守于中"是对简本《老子》"绝智弃辩"的补充说明。司马谈论道家思想时云"窾言不听,奸乃不生",班固说道家"君人南面之术"为"秉要执本,清虚以自守",二者可说是对"绝智弃辩"的最好诠释。从简本《老子》"绝智弃辩"到今本《老子》"绝圣弃智"的演变,是战国中后期庄子学派中《胠箧》《在宥》的作者因不满田氏代齐的现实,为反对文子的"圣"、"智"说而篡改。

＂Giving up wisdom and debate＂ of Laozi unearthed at Guodian is neither restaining tactics that Laodan worked out for the nobility, nor is it excluding the wise and the wisdom. It is Laodan＇s warning to the nobility, advising them to abandon ridiculous, false, cheating, cunning and debating statements in administering the country and people, and observing their own ＂neutrality＂. ＂It is better for us to hold on to our own opinion than listen to other people＇s opinion. ＂ This quotation of Laozi unearthed at Mawangdui is the supplement to and explanation for ＂giving up wisdom and de- bate＂ of Laozi copied on Chu bamboo slips. Sima Qian said： ＂Listen to no idle talk,and nothing crafty and evil will take place. ＂ When he talked about the thought of Taoist, Bangu said： ＂In administering the country, the nobility should catch the key to the question, and hold on to their own opinion. ＂ These comments are the best annotations to ＂giving up wisdom and debate＂. The reason for the evolution from the bamboo version ＂Jue-zhi-qi-bian＂ to the current ＂Jue-sheng- qi-zhi ＂ is that the offsprings of Zhuangzi was not satisfied with the reality that Tian-chengzi replacing the Qi state and therefore modified the original for the opposition to Wenzi＇s ＂saints＂ and ＂wisdom＂.