我国雇主责任主体制度的缺陷和完善之路径——兼评雇主责任、帮工责任和法人责任之关系

On the Defects and Path to Perfection of the Subject System pertaining to the employer's liabilities in China

最高人民法院《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》中将雇主责任、帮工责任和法人责任分别规定,各自适用不同的法律规则。这样的规定与民事诉讼法、劳动法的相关法律规则产生了冲突和矛盾,造成劳动者或者雇员因职务行为致人损害,受害人寻求救济时陷入法律适用上的困境的问题。我国未来的《民法典》应当重视这一问题的解决,在确定雇主责任时,遵循雇主责任的法理,借鉴其他国家的成功经验,注意民法与其他部门法之间的体系化协调,将现行的雇主责任、帮工责任和法人责任合并规定,统一适用雇主自己责任,排除雇主和雇员共同责任的法律规则的适用。

In accordance with the Interpretation of the Supreme People＇ s Court on Several Issues coneerning the Application of Laws for the Trial of personal Injury Compensation Cases, liabilities of employers, employees and legal persons are prescribed separately, and different rules are applied respectively. Such regulations conflict and contrast with the relevant rules of the Civil Procedural Law and Labor Law, resulting in predicament in regard to application of law when the injured seeks for remedies caused by workers or employees in employment. In formulating the Civil Code of our country, the solution to this predicament should be attached more importance by adhering to the principle of the employer＇ s liability and successful experience from other countries in determining the employer＇ s liability. Besides, for the purpose of the systematic coordination among civil law and other disciplines, the liabilities of employers, employees and legal persons should be regulated in a uniform way to apply the employer＇ s liability, excluding the application of the joint liabilities of employers and employees.