颗粒增强金属基复合材料的制备技术和界面反应与控制

Fabrication Processes and Control of Interfacial Reaction of Particulate Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites

金属基复合材料被誉为２１世纪的材料，其中短纤维或陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合材料（ＰＲＭＭＣｓ）更具有吸引力。铝合金和镁合金是基体材料的最佳候选者，而陶瓷颗粒由于具有优异的性能倍受青睐。在金属基体中加入增强相，可以提高材料的强度、弹性模量、硬度、耐磨性，降低热膨胀系数，改善高温性能和抗疲劳性，然而会导致材料的塑性、韧性下降。近年来，发展了许多制备技术，根据工艺的温度可分为三类：液相工艺、固相工艺和液－固两相工艺。增强相与基体之间的界面反应取决于制备工艺、增强相与基体材料的组成、温度和时间等因素，反过来又对制备工艺和材料的性能产生重要的影响，控制界面反应使之有利于制备工艺和材料的性能是研究的重要目标之一。本文重点对颗粒增强金属基复合材料研究中制备技术和界面反应与控制等热点问题进行分析讨论。

Metal matrix composite may be one of the most attractive engineering materials in 21 st century. More attention is paid to short fiber and ceramic particulate reinforced metal matrix composites. Aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys are the best candidates for matrix, while ceramic particulate is in the investigator's good graces due to its excellent properties. Addition of reinforcement in metal matrix could lead to the increase of strength, modulus, hardness and wear resistance, the improvement of the performances at elevated temperature and fatigue strength, and the decrease of the coefficient of thermal expansion, but to the decrease of ductility and toughness. Over the last two decades, a variety of techniques has been evolved in an attempt to successfully manufacturing particulate reinforced metal matrix composites (PRMMCs) and to optimizing the microstructure and mechanical properties. Accordingly, the process can be classified into three categories: (1) liquidphase process, (2) solidphase process and (3) twophase process. The interfacial chemical reaction between metal matrix and reinforcement depends upon many factors, such as fabrication process, composition of matrix and reinforcement, temperature and time. On the other hand, it shows a great influence on the fabrication process and the properties of composites. It is one of the most important task of investigations to understand and control the interfacial reaction in order to make it favorable to the processing and properties of PRMMCs. Discussion of techniques and interfacial reaction and control in PRMMCs is focused on present paper.