马克思对“解放”理论批判本性的科学解读

Marx's Scientific Interpretation of the Critical Nature of "Emancipation" Theory

解放不是理性的激情,而是激情的理性,是一种历史活动,而非思想活动。在《论犹太人问题》中,马克思肯定了政治解放的进步意义,同时也指出了它的局限性。正是通过对政治解放的批判,马克思得出了必须从政治解放进展到人类解放的结论。在《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》中,马克思明确地把克服市民社会、实现人类解放的使命赋予无产阶级。这一使命在《法兰西内战》中被界划为"社会解放"。但社会解放还不是真正的人类解放,而只是无产阶级在经济上获得解放的政治形式,是对政治解放的辩证否定性环节。因此,马克思的"解放"理论是一种辩证否定的批判性话语,呈现为辩证否定的动态结构性过程,人类解放也并不是人的"解放"的最后形式。

Emancipation is not the rational passion, rather it is the passionate rationality. It is a historical activity instead of thinking activity. In Problems of Jews, Marx first admitted the progressive significance of political emancipation, but he also pointed out its limitations. It is through the criticism of political emancipation that Marx reached the conclusion of the evolution from political emancipation to the emancipation of human beings. In The Introduction to Hegal＇s Philosophical Criticism, Marx clearly entrusted the mission of realizing the emancipation of the human being to proletariats. This mission is classified as social emancipation in French Civil War, but social emancipation is not exactly emancipation of human beings; it is just the political form of economic emancipation of the proletariats and the dialectic denial of political emancipation. Hence, Marx＇s theory of emancipation is a critical discourse of dialectic denial in the process of dynamic structure. Likewise, the emancipation of human beings is not the ultimate form.