静电纺丝——从无规纳米纤维膜到取向连续长纱

Electrospinning:From Randomly Oriented Nanofiber Mats to Aligned Continuous Yarns

静电纺丝是通过对聚合物溶液或熔体施加外电场制造纳米纤维的有效方法。电纺过程中,在静电力作用下聚合物射流快速鞭动,形成的纳米纤维无规堆砌,得到无纺布状的无规纳米纤维膜。这种纳米纤维膜具有极大的比表面积,已用于超高效过滤,在创伤修复、组织工程、水处理等领域有广泛的应用前景。为了进一步拓展纳米纤维在纤维工业、纺织品、微制造等领域的应用,电纺纳米纤维的取向和连续长纱的制备研究受到科学家的重视,文献报道了多种纳米纤维取向方法。本文分析了纳米纤维膜无规堆砌结构的形成机理,总结了纳米纤维取向研究和连续长纱制备研究进展,特别介绍了基于静电作用分析提出的共轭电纺方法,讨论了取向纳米纤维的应用以及纳米纤维未来的研究方向。

Electrospinning technique has been recognized as an efficient processing method that uses an electric field to produce nanofibers from polymer solution or melt. During eleetrospinning, nanofibers produced from rapidly whipping jet are often collected as randomly oriented structures in the form of nonwoven mats. Electrospun nanofibers having high surface area-to-volume ratio are excellent candidates for high efficient filter, wound dressing, tissue engineering constructs, water treatment, etc. In order to extend applications of eleetrospun nanofibers in fiber industry, fabrics and micro-fabrication areas, preparation of aligned electrospun nanofiber and continuous yarns has attracted much attention recently. Various approaches have been developed to obtain well-aligned structure of electrospun nanofibers in the literature. In this paper, the formation mechanism of electrospun nanofibers with random orientation was first analyzed briefly. Then, progress in the study of aligned nanofibers and continuous yarns was summarized, and conjugate eleetrospinning based on electrostatic interaetian was introduced. Finally, potential applications of aligned nanofibers and further research directions were discussed.