国际关系伦理中的普遍主义与特殊主义——基于世界主义与社群主义理论的比较分析

Universalism and Particularism in International Ethics:An Analysis Based on Cosmopolitanism and Communitarianism

世界主义与社群主义是当前比较具有代表性的国际关系伦理立场。世界主义将所有个人视为国际关系中正义的主体,认为某种普遍性的价值体系应该成为全人类的共同选择;社群主义则把共同体看作国际关系的基本规范性单位,坚持民族国家作为一种共同体所具有的道德意义及其对个人权利与义务的界定。世界主义与社群主义代表了两种不同的国际正义观:普遍主义与特殊主义。通过对世界主义和社群主义的分析,能够帮助我们理解普遍主义和特殊主义各自的思维方式及其对国际伦理的意义,并借此厘清国际伦理的可能性及限度。总结普遍主义与特殊主义的利弊得失,将有助于构建一种全球化时代的国际关系伦理。

Cosmopolitanism and communitarianism represent two main international ethical approaches in international relations. Cosmopolitanism wishes to go beyond traditional Westphalia idea in international relations and advocates a kind of universal value based on individual beings,but it can't overcome the possible ills of a utopia theory. Communitarianism emphasizes the moral standing of states,arguing that the rights and duties of an individual should be determined in accordance with his membership and identity in a given community,but its characteristics of particularism and moral relativism tend to deny human universality. These two different approaches indicate the possibility and limitations of international ethics.