日全食时的日冕光学观测

Optical observations of the solar corona at total solar eclipse

日冕是太阳的外层大气,不仅其高速外流的高温等离子体形成太阳风,而且还常发生强烈的日冕物质抛射(CME),发射很强的紫外和X射线,日冕活动严重地影响日地空间环境和太空天气以及地球,观测研究日冕的结构和活动有重要的科学意义和应用价值.日冕的光学亮度只有日轮光球的百万分之几,日全食是观测日冕的最有利时机.本文综合评述日冕的各种形态特征和结构性质、活动规律及其观测研究进展,有助于在2009年及以后的日全食时更好地拟定观测方案,以便获得有成效的科学观测资料,促进有关课题的深入研究.

The solar corona which consists of thin full-ionized plasma with high temperature over 1000000 K is the outermost part of the solar atmosphere. The outflow of coronal matter forms the solar wind, the violent events of the coronal mass ejection occurs frequently, and strong radiation in ultraviolet and X-ray wavebands comes from the corona. Coronal activities influence seriously space environment between the Sun and the Earth, space weather and the Earth itself. Therefore it is very important for spaceflight and solar-terrestrial relationship to research coronal activity structures. Optical brightness of the corona is only several millionths of the solar disk and total solar eclipse is the best opportunity to observe the solar corona on ground. In this review article, it is comprehensively summarized about various coronal morphological characteristics, structural natures, activity regularity and their research progress, which is helpful for making better observational plans at the total solar eclipse in 2009 and future, in order to obtain valuable observational data for scientific research of the corona and relevant task.