产权分析视阈中的农村贫困

On Rural Poverty:a Perspective of Property Rights

与其他农村人口相比,农村贫困人口在产权交易方面存在两大劣势:一是占有的土地等生产资料增值能力低,这导致贫困人口缺乏用于交换的产权,而地处偏远又增加了贫困人口进入市场的交易费用。二是人力资本产权的单一性。表现为人力资本结构、使用、与其他生产要素的结合方式的单一性。两大劣势的共同结果必然是生产投入的低产出,并最终积累为贫困。但是,民族贫困地区资源的异质性,为民族地区开展区域交易,形成自生发展能力提供了潜在可能。因此,反贫困政策至少应该指向提高贫困人口占有的生产资料的增值能力、改变贫困人口人力资本结构的单一性、以及在保持资源异质性的前提下,推动地区之间的交易。此外,降低贫困人口进入市场的交易费用,也是必要而有效的反贫困措施。

Compared with other farmers, the rural poor have disadvantages in property rights transactions： inadequacy of property rights for transaction due to the low productivity of their lands, high transaction cost due to their villages far from markets, and simplicity of property rights of their human capital underlied by the simplicity of human capital structure, use, as well as of the means to combine other factors. The disadvantages lead to low outputs and eventually poverty. Fortunately, the resource heterogeneity of ethnic areas brings possibility for potential regional exchanges and self-production. Therefore, the anti-poverty policies should at least focus on three areas： to improve the productivity of factors, to change the simplicity of human capital and to promote the transactions among regions. Meanwhile, to reduce the transaction cost is as important as the former three.