真、善、美视界中的伦理学

Ethics from Perspectives of Truth,Good and Beauty

在真、善、美视界中,善是把握世界的一种重要方式,而伦理学在学科分类中的基本定位是关于善的学问。"善"表达人类世界的"应然"价值取向,关乎社会是否公正、合理以及人类向何处去等问题,但无论在今天的理论探讨中还是在思想史上,经典作家们对伦理学或善理念往往是在不同层次、领域和意义上使用的:有些理论是在宏观善的视角意义上定位伦理学,如柏拉图、黑格尔的伦理思想;而有些理论只是在善的某个领域体现并解释着善,如快乐主义、美德伦理学。也就是说,伦理学存在着广义的理解和狭义的理解。伦理学也经常在和政治学、法律学、哲学相区别的狭义上被使用,有时候被特指称是关于人性美德的学问,但无论如何,我们在作"伦理学是什么"的定性把握时,在对伦理学作狭义理解时,不要忽略了伦理学在人类知识谱系中善"应然价值"取向的地位,不要忽略伦理学这门关于善的学问在社会各领域的"应然"引导。事实上,伦理学在价值取向和精神理念层面,的确也显现在社会各领域规则之中。严格而论,广义的善视界的定位更能表达伦理学的本质属性。

Among the horizon of truth, good and beauty, good is an important way of grasping this world, while ethics is just about it. As an independent discipline, ethics is mainly about good which expresses the value of ＂should＂ of the humanity, about such problems as whether society is just, reasonable, where should human go, etc. However, whether in today＇s theoretic discussion or the history of thoughts, classical writers often understand ethics or good in different dimensions, spheres and meanings. Some theories define ethics in the view of general good, such as Plato＇s, Hegel＇s ethical theory, while some other theories just explain good in a more specific sphere such as hedonism, virtue ethics. In other words, there are two ways of understanding ethics, one is in general sense and the other is narrow. Besides, ethics is also used in a different way from politics, law, and philosophy, sometimes even specially regarded as about humanity and virtue. However, when we try to grasp the question of ＂what is ethics＂, to understand ethics in the narrow sense, we should not ignore the status of ethics as about ＂should value＂ as a part of human knowledge, not ignore its function as ＂should＂ director in various society＇s spheres. In fact, in the dimension of value destination and spiritual ideas, ethics embodies itself in every societal norms, precisely speaking, the general view of good horizon can express ethics＇ natural property more accurately.