一种“他者化”的话语建构与制度实践——对清季至民国反“迷信”运动的再认识

A Discourse Construction and the Institution Practice of "Otherization"——A Rethinking of Anti-Superstition Movement from Late Qing to Republic of China

清季至民国的反"迷信"运动是在知识分子的倡导下由政府推进的。但政府在推进这场运动的过程中,却不断地根据现实的难题修改知识分子的目标诉求,把其他企图附加在这场运动之上。尽管对于这些企图,政府经常予以否认,但这些企图在事实上还是控制了整个运动的走向。最终,一场旨在塑造"国民"的反"迷信"运动演变成了一场对农民进行掠夺的运动,农民被推到了反抗的边缘。他们有理由认为,如果民间信仰可以被污名为"迷信"而遭除灭,那么事实上绝大多数农民的其他生活内容和利益也都可以被以类似的理由剥夺,于是各种激进的反抗开始在民间纷纷出现。这是盲目在中国推行西方的现代化所造成的后果。这个后果使很多知识分子开始认识到,如果没有对中国特殊现实的清楚判断,任何现代化改革都可能走入歧途。

The anti-superstition movement from late Qing to Republic of China was impelled by the government under the proposing of the intellectuals. However, the government bore some other purposes by constantly changing the goals of the intellectuals based on the difficulties of reality in the whole movement. Nervertheless, the government kept denying those purposes which controlled the direction of the movement in deed. Consequnently, this anti-superstition movement aiming at shaping the citizen had developed into a plunder of the farmers, who were likely to resist. Thus, they believed that most intersts in their life could be robbed as well if the folk belief were eliminated in the name of ＂superstition＂. As a result, a lot of radical resistance appeared. This is the consequence of a blind adoption of the Western modernization in China, which makes many intellectuals aware that any modernized reform could go astray without a sober judgement about the reality of China.