清代少数民族刑事案件法律适用问题初探——以乾隆朝刑部驳案为中心的考察

A Preliminary Study of the Law Application to the Criminal Cases of the Minority Groups in the Qing Dynasty:A Study of the Cases of the Ministry of Punishments in the Qianlong Period

清朝是我国历史上少数民族法制最为完善的时期,这不仅表现在立法上,也体现在法律适用上。清朝少数民族法律适用上在民事与轻微刑事案件和徒刑以上重刑案件存在不同。清朝少数民族法律适用在程序法与实体法中有不同规定,实体法的适用上又具体分为适用一般法、特别法和一般法与特别法相结合三类。清乾隆朝刑部驳案判决被大量保留下来,其中不少判决是少数民族案件,对此分析可以真实反映清朝少数民族法律适用上的情况。清朝少数民族刑事案件的法律适用体现出灵活性与原则性的统一,国家在承认少数民族法律时积极把一般法原则引入少数民族刑事案件中,促使整个国家刑事重案在法律适用上趋向统一。

The Qing dynasty was a period when the legal system for the minority groups was the best in terms of legislation and its application. The law application for the minority groups in this period varied according to the civil cases, the minor criminal cases and serious criminal cases and there were different terms in the procedural law and the substantive law. The application of the substantive law varied with three types, the general law, the special law and the combination of the general law and the special law. Numerous cases of the Ministry of Punishments in the Qianlong P.eriod have survived, of which quite a few are case concerning the minority groups. A study of such case reveals that the application of laws had the trait of the combination of flexibility and law-abidance and the Central Government tried to adapt the general law to the special cases for a uniform application of laws to the serious criminal cases all over the country.