清代甘青藏区建制及社会研究

Tibetan Region in Qinghai and Gansu Province in Qing Dynasty:Its Administrative Districts and Society

本文首先对清朝于雍正二年平定罗卜藏丹津之乱后,在明朝的基础上,重新在青海、甘肃藏区设置的土司制的情况,作了较为详细的论述,并对其特点和流変进行探索,其次,将甘青藏区划分为七个大的区域,即河北西宁府所辖地区(包括附郭西宁县、碾伯县和大通卫等)、西宁办事大臣所辖玉树地区、河南贵德、循化厅所辖地区、青海湖地区、凉州平番县(庄浪卫)地区、大夏河以拉卜楞寺为中心地区及洮河流域以卓尼杨土司为中心的地区,较为详确地列出清代甘青藏区藏族的分布、人口及经济类型。在此基础上探讨甘青藏区的社会组织,并划分为三种类型,即居于城镇、营汎或附近,主要从事农业和半农半牧生产的藏族社会组织;居地离城镇、营汎较远,以游牧为生的藏族社会组织,以及以大寺院为中心的"政教合一"的藏族社会组织。

After put down the Lob Tsangdanjin＇ Rebellion in the second year of Yongzheng Emperor, Qing Government rebuilt the Tu-Si System in the Tibetan region in Oinghai and Gansu Province on the bases of Ming Dynasty, divided the Tibetan regions into seven districts. This article discusses not only the characteristics and development of the Tu-Si System but also the Tibetan distribution, population and economical type in this region. The Tibetan social organization in this region could be differentiated three types： the agriculture or semi-agriculture and semi-animal husbandry social organization, in the cities, towns and campsites or nearby; nomadic social organization, far away from the cities, towns and campsites ; ＂integration of religion and politics＂social organization, with the center of the larger monastery.