清代陕西农村畜养业的发展与牲畜产品输出

Keeper of Shaanxi Province Rural Industry Development and Export of Livestock Products in the Qing Dynasty

本文选取了清代陕西较重要的产业——农村畜养业作为研究对象,探讨了它的地域发展特征,牲畜市场的结构与分布,牲畜输出,初步匡算出清代陕西的年牲畜交易量。指出清代陕西农村畜养业具有普遍性的特点,遍在的农家耕畜需求以及作为交通工具役使,促进了农村畜养业的发展。另外,本地地近塞北,处于农牧分界地区,陕北部分州县半农半牧,故畜牧业发达。牲畜的交易与地方良种培育具有地缘优势,陕北"佳米驴",关中"秦川牛"、"关中驴"、"关中骡"在清代均形成地方品牌,是清代陕西对外输出的牲畜良种,在全国颇具知名度。这里每年牲畜交易十分频繁,牲畜市场发育最完善。清末陕西年牲畜交易量大体在20-40万头之间,牲畜税是地方商品中征收最多的税种,也构成陕西地方财政最重要的来源与补充。从这一点来说,它也是清代陕西地方经济发展有别于其它经济发达省区的一个重要特征。

In this paper,we selected the more important industries of the Shaanxi province in the Qing Dynasty-the keeper of rural industry in the study,in order to explore the development of its geographical characteristics, livestock market structure and distribution, livestock output, and initially estimate the livestock trading volume a year in the Qing Dynasty. Pointed out that the keeper of the Qing Dynasty in Shaanxi rural universal characteristics of the industry, all over the needs in farm animal and servitude as a means of transport, promoting the development of rural keeper. In addition, the local land near Saibei,placed in Pastoral boundaries, some counties in northern Shaanxi is agriculture-nomad, so animal husbandry is developed. It has the geographic advantage between transactions with local livestock and cultivation with fine breed. For example, northern Shaanxi “jiami donkey”central Shaanxi“qin-chuan cattle”“central Shaanxi donkey”“central Shaanxi mule”. These are local brands in the Qing Dynasty, and are fine breed which is use of the external output in the Qing Dynasty in shaanxi, even quite well-known throughout the country. There are very frequent in livestock transactions a year, livestock market development of the best. The later period of the Qing Dynasty in Shaanxi livestock trading volume in general is between 200,000 and 400,000,livestock commodities in the local tax is the largest collection of taxes ,and also constitute Shaanxi local finance and the most important source of supplementary. From that point, it is also in the Qing Dynasty the economic development of Shaanxi Province is different from the other local economic development in economically developed provinces, an important feature.