坝上地区不同土地利用类型的地块土壤年风蚀量的对比——以河北省张家口市康保牧场为例

The Comparison on Annual Soil Wind-erosion Amount of the Different Land-use Types in Bashang Region——Taking Kangbao Pasture in Zhangjiakou,Hebei Province for Example

以位于土地沙漠化迅速发展的河北省坝上高原的康保牧场为研究区,选取典型的不同土地利用类型的地块设立6块样地,采用标桩法,通过一年时间的实地测量,对其土壤年风蚀量进行了计算利分析,旨在为今后当地土地利用结构和格局的调整提供科学依据.结果表明:土壤年风蚀量的大小是秋翻耕地>退耕还草地>天然草地>退耕还灌草地>天然灌草地>留茬地.结合对当地基本情况的实地调查,得出以下结论:1)在正在发展中的沙漠化地区,特别是在年降水量不足300 mm的半干早地区,退耕还灌草结合的方式要好于单纯性人工种草.单纯性人工种草效果欠佳,在遇到连年干旱的情况下,人工牧草长势不好.2)秋翻耕地的土壤年风蚀量要远远大于留茬地,留茬地不但大大减轻土壤的风蚀量,甚至还起到了风积土壤的作用.因此,农田的耕作应采取保护性耕作,推广秋季高留茬,这样可以有效地减少土壤风蚀量.人工植被建设应以灌草结合的模式为主,对于广大天然草原应以自然恢复为主,根据草原退化的不同程度,因地制宜实行禁牧,休牧或轮封轮牧,充分发挥大自然的自我修复能力.

In this project, the Kandbao Pasture, located on the Bashang Highland in Hebei Province, is selected as the experimental area, where the land desertification is seriously developing. The researchers selected 6 typical areas within the Kangbao Pasture on the variation of land-use types as research samples, using the standard stake method in field measurement for one year, to calculated and analyze their annual soil wind-erosion amount. The aim of this project is to offer a scientific foundation for the future adjudgement of the structure and arrangement of land-use in the Bashang region. The studied results indicates that the amount of annual soil wind-erosion from high to low is Autumn-ploughed farmland 〉 Reclaimed pasture-land 〉 Natural grassland 〉 Reclaimed shrub-land 〉 Natural shrub-land 〉 Stubble land. Combined with te local information acquired from field observation, the researchers make the conclusions as follows ： 1 ） In the developing desertification area, especially in the semi-dry area where the annual precipitation is less than 300 mm, the method of reclamation for shrub-land is better than the method of man-made grass alone. The result of the man-made grass alone is not good enough, especially in the continuous dry years. 2） The annual soil wind-erosion amount produced by autumn-ploughed farmland is far greater than studble land, which can not only highly reduce the soil wind-erosion amount, but also function as wind-deposited soil. Thus, to conduct a protective way of farming and develop Autumn- stubble land is recommended so as to effectively reduce the soil wind-erosion amount. It is better to use the way of shrub and grass combination to build the man-made vegetation and take the method of natural recovery for the large area of natural prairie. Take actions according to the different extent of prairie deterioration, such as forbid pasturing, fallow pasturing or rotation pasturing so that to give full play to the ability of self-recovery performed by the natural environment.