构成与生成——方法论视野下的两种整体论路径

Constitutive Holism and Generative Holism——Two Different Methodological Holism

整体通常被视为某种区别于个体心灵之外的"实在",如实体整体、关系整体及法则整体,这一传统定位有很大局限。在新的方法论视野下,整体是一种方法,一种看待问题、解决问题的途径。整体论路径可区分为两种取向,一是构成整体论,它把对象视为"构成性整体",目标是实现构成性超越;二是生成整体论,它把对象视为"生成性整体",目标是实现生成性超越。由此,应在强的意义上把整体作为一种方法,而在弱的意义上视整体为一种实在。

In general, a whole is regarded as some sorts of reality different from individual mind, such as ontological whole, property/relational whole and nomological whole. However, the whole can be a sort of methodology or a view of seeing the world or a path of coping with problems from a new methodological view. And there are two different methodological holisms： one is constitutive holism which regards a problem as the constitutive whole and solves it through constitutive methods; the other is generative holism which regards a problem as the generative whole and deals with it through generative methods. In conclusion, it＇s emphasized that a whole should be regarded as a methodology in a strong sense and a reality in a slight sense.