箐口村哈尼族丧礼献祭礼物的象征性交换

A Symbolic Exchange of the Gifts as Sacrifices in Funerals of the Hanis of Qingkou Village

不同于人类绝大部分交换所遵循的交换者二元对等、相异物品交换、延时交换等原则,箐口村哈尼族丧礼中即赠即还的献祭牺牲礼物,有赠与者与两类接受者共三方参与,同时涉及现实世界与超自然世界两大层面。这种象征性交换的形成,与当地哈尼族的文化观念、经济因素、社会互助等息息相关,其实质是借助一般交换的象征形式,建构多样化的再分配与互惠关系,有效实现当地社会关系的再生产。对于人类丰富多样的礼物交换方式,只有在整体性、多样性和变迁的视野中才能真正加以理解。

Different with the gift exchanges of the majority which usually follow the principles such as reciprocity,exchange for different objects,and delaying in time,the presenting scarifies as gifts among the Hani People in Qingkou has its own features.Presenting and returning would happen simultaneously.Three parties would be involved,i.e.,the presenter and two kinds of recipients.And meanwhile,two levels of world,the real one the supernatural one,would be related.The symbolic exchange is related closely with local culture,economy and social cooperation.By the symbolism exchange,the Hanis construct a plurality of the redistribution and reciprocity relationship and ensure the reproduction of local social relationship.Only in the view of holism,diversity and dynamics,can we understand various forms of gift exchange.