反思默顿有组织怀疑主义规范

Rethinking Merton's Organized Skepticism Norm

当代科学的目标由一元转为多元,不再像默顿时代仅仅追求科学目标,而且还要兼顾科学的社会目标、经济目标和生态目标。同时科学观随之多元化转变,科学知识类型不断扩展,有组织怀疑主义规范作为默顿四大规范之一备受学术界争议。学术界大部分批评者从"实然"层面上否定此规范,"应然"角度上则承认该规范合理性。但是,笔者认为新科学知识类型扩展使得此规范在"应然"层面亦非完全合理。本文主要通过分析有组织怀疑主义规范面临地方知识、隐性知识和前沿知识的挑战,指出其"应然"层面出现的问题,并根据评审客体的特质相应提出民主性规范、鼓励性规范和包容性规范。

The goal of science has changed from singleness to multiplicity by the time, no longer to pursue the scientific goal only as in Merton＇ s time, but also take into account the social objectives, economic and ecological objectives. At the same time, the concept of scientific has diver-sificated, also the types of scientific knowledge have expanded, and Organized Skepticism as one of the four scientific norms by Merton has been more controversial in academic society. Most critics think it is non-compliance with the actual situation ,while they regard it reasonable on the ＂real likelihood＂ aspects. However, I believe that the expansion of new types of scientific knowledge has made the norm on the ＂ought＂ level is not entirely reasonable. This article is mainly analyzing Organized Skepticism facing the challenges of the local knowledge, the tacit knowledge and the cutting-edge knowledge to point out the questions about ＂ought to be＂, proposing the democratic norm, the encouraging norm and the inclusive norm according to the characteristics of the object to be assessed.