矿产资源开发的环境负外部性分析——一个新制度经济学的视角

A Research on the Negative Externalities of Environment in the Exploitation of Mineral Resources——A Perspective of Neo-institutional Economics

矿业活动有着较强的负外部性,主要表现在对矿山生态环境、矿区地质环境的破坏上,直接对当地居民及经济发展造成损害,严重影响了矿业城市的可持续发展。从新制度经济学的视角来看,消除矿产资源开发中的环境损害实际上是一个将矿山企业的负外部性内部化的过程。理论上讲,在纠正矿产资源开发利用中的负外部性方面,"庇古税"和"污染物排放标准"因存在实施成本过大和缺乏有效监督而很难施行,应从环境共有产权的界定上纠正负外部性。消除矿产资源开发中负外部性的举措有:①将环境产权以共有权的形式赋予直接相关性群体;②首先界定受危害较大的环境权利,并逐步涵盖所有的环境权利;③要充分运用经济手段来保护矿山环境。

Mining activities have a strong negative externality,which not only destroys the ecological environment and the geological environment of mine;but also directly causes damage to the local residents and economic development,and seriously affects the sustainable development of mining-dependent cities.In response to this,the paper offers some measures for eliminating the negative externalities in the exploitation of mineral resources,these include:the environmental property rights are given to the direct related groups in the form of public property;first of all,defining the environmental rights that suffers more harmful and gradually covering all environmental rights;making full use of economic instruments to protect the mine environment.