试论早期欧亚大陆的丝绸贸易——以丝路沿线的主要国家为中心

On the Silk Trade of Eurasia in the Early Time

匈奴帝国对汉帝国的军事压力,游牧经济与农耕经济的互补和排斥是欧亚大陆丝绸贸易形成的主要原因。西域诸国单一的经济结构,使西域国家和商人充当了陆路丝绸贸易中介和转运的角色。同时由于印度社会对丝绸的需要和其地理位置,使印度成为欧亚大陆丝绸贸易的海上中转站。丝绸贸易的中介国家可以凭借地利和地域优势,靠丝绸贸易敛财,使丝绸贸易呈现出不平等贸易的特征。由于贸易路线上的大国的政治军事势力不断变化,从而使中介国家和地区深受影响,成为威胁欧亚大陆丝绸贸易正常维系的重要原因。

The main reasons of the formation of Eurasia silk trade include the two below： the pressure from the Hsiungnu Empire to Han Empire and the complementation and repellence between the no- madic economy and the agricultural economy. On the one hand, the structure of single economy in the countries of the Western Regions made them and their merchants to play as the role of inter-mediary and the transportation in the Silk Road. On the other hand, as a result of the Indian society＇s need of the silk as well as its geographical position, India became the stopover station of the Eurasia silk trade by sea. Due to the influence of the countries on the Silk Road, the silk trade showed the character of unjust transaction. However, the power＇s fluctuation on the military and politics of the intermediary countries on the Silk Road, which made these countries and regions suffer seriously, became the key reason that threatened the normal continuation of the Eurasia silk trade.