从《教学通义》看康有为早年思想

A Reflection on the Early Thoughts of Kang Youwei from Jiaoxue Tongyi

《教学通义》是康有为早年思想的重要反映。但此书不是讨论经学的书籍,也不是对教学问题的诉说,而是借所谓周公教学之法来论说王者经世之法的政治学著作。其基本内容是礼教伦理与事物制作并重,官师合一,六官皆学,公学与私学并立,虚实兼有,道器皆备,以实现王者经世、治国安民的目的。康有为据此认为,从孔子到清代汉学的儒家经学,皆为务虚不务实、离器言道的空疏之学,失落了王者经世之法,是造成中国二千余年的学术衰败与国民不治的根源所在。所以,康有为后来的思想并不是梁启超说的尽弃旧说,而是与早年的基本思想合逻辑的一脉相承。

The book Jiaoxue Tongyi eontains important thoughts of early Kang Youwei. It, however, neither discussed the questions about the learning of Confucian Classics nor stated the questions of instruction. It was a political book which discussed the ways of managing the country for the Emperor and some teachings about Duke Zhou of the Western Zbou Dynasty. It basically involved the importance of ethical propriety and making things, unification of officers and teachers, learning of all officials, coexistence of public and private schools, the combination of abstract and concrete, the existence of both doctrine and object, so that to achieve the goal of governing the country and pacifying its people. According to these, Kang Youwei believed the learning of Confucian Classics was empty learning from Confucius to Qing Dynasty as it had lost the methods of managing the country. It was the root of academic decay and national turmoil in the past 2000 years in China. Therefore, the late thoughts of Kang Youwei was not contrary to his previous argument as what Liang Chi-chao believed, but agreed with and inherited form his early basic thoughts.