马鞍山遗址动物群的死亡年龄研究

The Mortality Age of the Fauna from the Ma'anshan Site

本文根据牙齿的萌出和磨蚀情况确定了马鞍山遗址动物群的死亡年龄,采用三角图法展现了它们的死亡年龄分布,并对上、下文化层动物群的死亡年龄分布成因进行了对比和分析,认为:马鞍山遗址早期和晚期原始居民猎杀水牛、中国犀和水鹿时可能都采取了潜伏式狩猎或陷阱狩猎的策略,所以死亡年龄分布点均位于灾难型死亡年龄分布区;猕猴的死亡年龄分布点落入壮年居优型的分布区可能是晚期原始居民追求脂肪的高回馈率,而忽视幼年个体的结果;东方剑齿象的死亡年龄分布点落入幼年居优型的分布区,可能是原始居民面对生命危险和狩猎机会时,做出折衷之选的结果,即放弃体型巨大的成年个体而猎杀攻击性较弱的幼年个体,但是(参照民族学材料后发现)也有可能是基于可食用性的考虑而放弃口感较差、难以食用并且攻击性较强的成年个体,而捕猎肉较鲜嫩而且危险性较小的幼象的结果。

The mortality age of Ma＇anshan fauna is assessed by studying tooth eruption sequences and tooth wear patterns within particular age categories （juvenile, prime and old age）. These categories are calculated as percentages, and graphed. From the graph, the location points of Bubalus sp. and Rhinoceros sinensis of the lower cultural layer, Bubalus sp. and Cervus unicolor of the upper cultural layer, are spreading into the catastrophic structure zone as well. While the location points of Macaca sp. and Stegodon orientalis fall into the prime dominant and juvenile dominant area. It is assumed that there is no significant difference between the strategies used by the hunters in the early and late stages. For large- and middle-sized herbivores, hominids behaved as if ambush hunters hunted through a chance encounter resulting in these catastrophic mortality age profiles. For the small and large animals, they took the optimal foraging strategy to get the most procurement through the least cost.