德国婚后扶养制度研究

On the Maintenance after Divorce in Germane Law

根据德国2008年修订后的有关法律,离婚配偶可以因为照顾共同子女、年老、疾病、失业、收入差距、接受教育等原因请求扶养费,也可以基于公平原则请求扶养。公平原则不仅本身可以作为扶养费请求权的基础,同时也是确定扶养费具体数额的标准。扶养费必须满足权利人全部的生活需要,同时兼顾婚姻中的生活状况。提供扶养费的前提是保证义务人自身的供养,以免其本身成为扶养请求权的权利人,同时还要扣除权利人本身的收入。如果扶养义务人同时向多人承担扶养义务,应该按照法律规定的顺位,优先满足未成年子女的扶养费。为了实现个案中的公平原则,德国2008年立法改革对于扶养请求权设定了限制,包括时间上的限制和数额上的限制。此外,为了达到公平的目的,法律规定了8种重大不公的情况,在这些情况下,扶养义务人可以免除其扶养责任。

In accordance with the regulation in germane family law, the divorced spouse may ask for the maintenance because of the tending of the children, oldness, disease, unemployment, the difference of the income or receiving an education. To be covered is the total living expenses with the consideration of the standard of living during the marriage. The income of the claimant and the maintenance for the supporter himself must be deducted form the maintenances. The clamant under age enjoy the priority in case the divorced spouse has several claims to support. The maintenance can be restricted or exclude as the case maybe.