旅游发展价值取向与制度变革:美国国家公园体系的启示

VALUE ORIENTATION OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATION:INSPIRATION FROM THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM IN US

通过对旅游发展的价值取向与管理体制分析发现,美国国家公园体系让国民享受到保护较好的遗产资源和舒适生态的游憩环境,国家公园提供的国民精神教育与实在的公益性服务提高了国民的凝聚力。相比而言,我国国家级保护区体系缺乏统一协调的发展理念、管理部门职能交叉、法律基础薄弱、管理及维护经费无稳定保障、公共服务意识缺失。因而,我国必须改变保护区内以经济利益为核心的旅游发展价值取向,建议对现有制度作如下调整:严格规范准入机制,重新梳理国家级保护区名录;完善现有立法,切实保护各类具有国家意义的遗产资源;逐步推进大部门体制改革,形成统一化管理的国家级保护区体系;启动淘汰机制限制保护区的数量扩张,将中央财政集中到确需保护的保护地;推出原住民资助计划,推进文化保护与社会公平;提高保护区体系从业人员素质,为各保护区建立具有科学性和教育性的解说系统,发挥国家级保护区体系对国民精神教育的重大作用。

This article analyzed the value orientation and management system for tourism development in the U. S. national park system. The result indicates the U. S. national park system has provided Americans well-preserved heritage resources, comfortable and ecological recreation environment, promoted patriotism education. Moreover, the public service of national parks improved the national cohesion. In contrast, the national reserve system in China has got caught with the deficiency of core beliefs for development, overlap- ping of organization functions, weak legal system, insufficient funds for maintenance and management, ab- sence of public service awareness. To that end, the paper concluded, China need to change the economic-ori- ented tourism development in national reserves and adjust the institution arrangement as follows, strictly control the admission of national reserves and remake a new list of national reserves;improve existing laws to ensure the protection of all the heritages with national significance; press ahead with the“giant department”reform to realize unified management for national reserve system; launch a mechanism of selection through competition to limit the quantitative increase of reserves, and concentrate the state financial input on the reserves in urgent need of protection;introduce aboriginal people＇s plans to push on the progress of culture protection and social justice;promote the personnel quality for national reserves and provide a scientific and educational interpretative system for every reserve to realize the patriotism education functions for the national reserve system.