机动性：梦想、手段、问题--1960-2008年法国的机动性、机动性政策及研究简史

Mobility as a Dream,Mobility as a Solution,Mobility as a Problem. A Brief History of Mobility,Mobility Policies and Mobility Research in France from 1960-2008

1960年以来,法国机动性发生了巨大变化。每人出行里程的增加值数倍于1950年之前所观测的增长数。这些变化聚焦于人们的出行行为,并通过调查可以观察得到,同时,这些变化也致力阐明演变机制中的个人意愿和责任。另一方面,聚焦于个人行为并不意味着人们是这一变化的主要决定者。政治立场、社会代表性、与城市化节奏相关的需求、投资政策等等,对形成今天的机动性都起到了关键作用。本文将所谓的"需求方"和"供给方"整合于同一视角,我们将首先描述1960年和2000年机动性系统的统计特征,然后将其划分为三个时期。针对每一个时期,集中讨论三个问题:居民的观念和需求、决策者对形势的理解、机动性领域向研究者提出的问题。然后我们聚焦于法兰西岛地区,一个拥有1200万人口的大都市区域。

Changes regarding mobility in France have been tremendous since 1960. The growth of the mileage covered by each person is several times higher than the growth observed from the early times of humanity to 1950. These changes have to be observed by surveys, which focus on travel behaviour of people, and tend to drive the interpretations towards the personal willingness and responsibility of the dynamics. On the other hand, the focus on personal behaviour does not mean that people are the main decision-makers of the change. Beliefs on the political side, representations in the population, needs linked to the rhythm of urbanisation, investment policies, etc. have played a major role in shaping today＇ s mobility. Then, the paper integrates the so-called ＂demand side＂ and ＂supply-side＂ in the same view. We present first the main statistical features of the mobility system in 1960 and 2000. Three periods are distinguished afterwards. For each of them, we put the focus on three questions： the attitudes and demands of the citizens, the perception of the situation by the policy makers, the questions asked to the researchers involved in the field of mobility. A focus on the Ile-de-France region, the capital region with circa 12 million inhabitants is then developed.