地铁车站火灾防灾减灾关键技术的研究

Key Technologies of Prevention and Control of Subway Station Fire

地铁火灾是地铁运营的安全隐患之一,必须予以有效控制。烟气控制、人员疏散和应急处置是地铁火灾防灾减灾的三项关键技术,主要包括在建筑结构和防灾设备设施确定的条件下,各种火灾工况下的烟气流动规律及通风排烟模式的优化、人员疏散规律和安全疏散策略、火灾应急预案及其计算机仿真等。本文以北京地铁1号和2号线的典型车站为具体对象,采用现场试验、模型实验、数值模拟、计算机仿真相结合的方法,分析3项关键技术的核心内容及其内在联系,提出基于预案综合评价模型、计算机数值模拟计算和动态仿真的地铁火灾应急预案性能化设计的思想。本研究对深化火灾防灾减灾技术和提高地铁系统的防灾减灾能力具有一定意义。

Fire is one of the most serious hidden dangers to subway system. Subway fires must be effectively controlled. Smoke control, human evacuation and emergency treatment are the three key technologies for prevention and control of subway fires, which mainly covers the smoke flow law, ventilation and smoke extraction patterns, evacuation law and ways, safety evaluation, emergency reaction plan and computer simulation under determined conditions of architecture structures and fire equipment and installations. Taking some typical stations of Lines 1 and 2 of the Beijing Metros as the examples,the cores and inter relations of the three key tech- nologies are studied by the ways of site experiments, model tests, numerical simulation and computer emulation, the new idea of performance-based design of the subway fire contingency plan is brought forward on the basis of comprehensive evaluation models, numerical simulation and dynamic emulation. The research results are of significance to deepening the researches of fire prevention and control technologies and to improving the emergency treatment capabilities of subway system.