古代北京合院住宅的采用与建筑史研究的立场

A study on adoption condition of courtyard house in ancient Beijing and its research purpose in Chinese architectural history

本文对绘成于乾隆十五年(1750年)《京城全图》上合院式住宅采用状况进行统计,得出北京传统民居中四合院采用的比例约占8.05%,三合院采用比例为4.67%。同时,文章结合各个时期传统民居研究文献,分析得出了有关北京四合院住宅采用情况判定的叙述大致有"代表说"、"基本说"、"多数说"三种,并指出期间的逻辑关系及其与中国建筑史研究以设计资源掘取、建筑特征强调为目的的基本立场关联。并提出了更为"综合的""全面的"视域的建筑史研究框架,即把建筑切实地作为人类与环境综合协商的工具来认识,重视建筑体系的研究和叙述;重视展示不同类型不同层级的建筑在不同时空中的存在方式、意义和价值;重视不同类型、不同层级建筑间的关系的展示。

This paper statistics the adoption condition of the courtyard houses in The Complete Map of Peking, Qianlong Period which finished in the year 1750. The result shows the ratio of the Siheyuan takes 8.05 percent of total residences and the Sanheyuan takes 4.67 percent. Traced on the works related on the Beijing courtyard house, this paper summarizes three main misconception processes： Representative Type, Basic Type, majority type, and points out it related to the main purpose of the Chinese architectural history research for collecting design sources and promoting traditional culture. Further more, the study gives a more comprehensive architectural history study framework, which takes the architecture as the tool of the negotiation between human beings and environment, emphasis on the study and representation of the architectural system and the exist methods, meanings and values of the different architectural types and hierarchies in the different periods, and stresses the relationship between them.