美国EPA农药残留急性膳食暴露评估方法

USEPA Acute Dietary Exposure Assessment Method for Pesticide Residue in Food

美国环保署(USEPA)利用食品中农药残留数据评估潜在的急性膳食暴露风险,计算在1天内随食物消费摄入的农药残留量。评估中使用的毒性数据由农药商家在农药登记时提供,膳食消费数据主要来源于美国农业部(USDA)开展的个人食物摄入持续性调查(CSFII1994-96,98)的数据,农药残留的数据来源有残留田间试验、市场菜篮子调查、监测监控计划。EPA根据风险管理的需求进行阶层式的急性暴露评估,从最坏情形的筛选式评估过渡到使用更靠近消费点的优化评估,利用市场菜篮子调查、政府监测监控、概率评估、农药的市场份额以及食品加工因子等数据和方法,逐步优化评估结果。中国可以参考EPA急性膳食评估方法,尽快建立膳食消费结构和农产品中农药残留数据库,及时开展急性膳食暴露评估,提高农药膳食摄入的安全性。

Food pesticide residue data are used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） to determine potential dietary risk from acute exposures. An acute dietary risk assessment determines the pesticide exposure resulting from a single-day consumption of food. Toxicity and food residue data used by EPA in assessing acute dietary risk are obtained from studies submitted by chemical companies in support of pesticide registration. The primary source of food consumption data used by EPA in dietary risk assessments is the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals （CSFII1994-96, 98） conducted by USDA. The current method of the EPA is to use a tiered approach for dietary risk assessment that proceeds from very conservative assumptions about food residues, to inclusion of more realistic residue values measured closer to the point of consumption, including food residue measurements in a specially designed market-basket study, government-sponsored monitoring data, probabilistie methodologies, market share information, and food processing data. China could refer to the EPA method of acute dietary risk assessment when necessary. This would involve the establishment of comprehensive food consumption database and market residue monitoring database.