试论环境灾害的基本概念与主要类型

A Preliminary Discussion on Basic Concepts and Major Categories of Environmental Hazards

通过对国内外环境灾害研究现状的分析,综述了环境灾害的基本概念和类型划分。在此基础上,从灾害构成的三要素出发,认为所有灾害都产生于自然环境和人文环境之中。因此,若按孕灾环境来对灾害进行分类,环境灾害只可以分为自然环境灾害和人文环境灾害两大类,也即我们通常所称的自然灾害和人为(人文)灾害。据此,环境灾害就等同于灾害,它包括了自然灾害和人为灾害。环境灾害是灾害学的研究领域,直接关系到人类生命与财产的安全,而环境污染和环境问题是环境科学的研究范畴,主要只影响到人类的身体健康。环境污染是环境问题的一种,环境灾害与环境污染和环境问题具有不同的内涵,有着明显的区别。

Basic concepts and category classification of environmental hazards are reviewed according to the analysis on their present research situation home and abroad. Based on the three elements of a hazard, all hazards are believed to be caused by natural and humanistic environments. Environmental hazards can therefore be classified into two categories, according to hazard inducing environments, as natural and man-made （humanistic） ones, namely the natural disasters and man-made or humanistic disasters. Therefore, environmental hazards are equated with disasters which inlucde natural disasters and man-made disasters. Environmental hazards belong to the scope of disaster science, which directly related to the safety of people＇s life and property. While environmental pollution and environment issues＇belong to the scope of environmental science, as they only affect human health. Environmental pollution is an environmental problem, but environmental hazards differ obviously from environmental pollution and environmental problems in definition.