编外讲师:德国大学学术自由传统的“阿基米德点”

Private Docent: Archimedes' Supporting Point of the Tradition of Academic Freedom in German University

"编外讲师"(private docent)制度是洪堡创办的柏林大学以及以柏林大学为样板的所有德意志大学的一种制度创新,是19世纪德国大学的现代转向的标志,是德国大学学术自由最为本质的制度保障。"编外讲师"到教授的晋升是通过"大学学部提名"、"直接磋商"、"政府任命"等三个步骤实现的,是德国学者进入学术生涯的起点,"编外讲师"的存在对19世纪德国大学的学术兴盛起到了非常积极的作用。

The ＂private docent＂ system is the mark of the modern changing of German universities in the 19th century, which is a kind of institutional innovation according to the University of Berlin established by Von Humboldt and as of all virtuous universities sample, which is the most hypostatic institutional guarantee of academic freedom in German universities. Promoting from ＂private docent＂ to professor is divided into three steps： ＂university department norminated＂, ＂negotiation directly＂ and ＂government ordination＂. ＂Private docent＂ is the starting point that German scholars get into academic career. The existence of ＂private docent＂ has positive effect on the academic prosperity of German universities in the 19th century.