5Ransey PC,, Carline JD, lnui Ts. Changes over time in the knowledge base of practicing internists[J]. JAMA, 1991,266:1103- 1107.
6Shin JH, Haynes RB, Johnston ME. Effect of problem- based, self- directed undergraduate education on life long learning [ J ]. Can Med Assoc J,1993,148:969 -976.
7Kunin CM. Care of the urinary catheter In Urinary tract infections detection,prevention and management[M]. Fifth ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1997,34 : 227-229.
8Garibaldi RA, Mooney BR, Epstein 13], et al. An evaluation of daily bacteriologic monitoring to identify preventable episodes of catheter associated UTI[J]. Infect Control 1982,3 : 466-470.
9Daifuku R, Stamm WE, Aswellisociation of rectal and urethral colonization with urinary tact infection in patients withindng catheters[J]. JAMA, 1984,252(20) : 28-30.
10Gonullu NN, Dulger M, Utkan NZ,et al. Prevention of postherniorrhaphy urinary retention with prazosin. Am Surg, 1999,65(1):55-58.