动员结构与自然保育运动的发展——以怒江反坝运动为例

The Mechanism of Mobilization and the Development of the Natural Protection Campaign with the Fight against Dam Construction in Nujiang as An Example

在中国环保NGO的发展动力研究中,"政府主导"或"自下而上"研究取向的学者都过于注重组织与环境(国家、社会)之间的关系,而低估了组织参与者、技术、组织结构等组织内部核心要素的作用。本研究以怒江反坝运动为例,对自然保育运动的动力机制进行探讨。笔者认为,推动中国自然保育运动的动力在于环保NGO之间、环保NGO与媒体和公众之间的独特关系结构及其动员。NGO之间的松散联合越来越普遍,由此产生积聚效应,使得原本弱小的单个组织通过独特的联合机制而发出能够影响社会的声音。而NGO—媒体联盟与基于电子邮件组、内部通讯、NGO网站的公众动员网络使得环保NGO与媒体、公众结成了紧密的互动结构。同时,这样一种互动模式的成功得益于对组织成员的成功动员和资源的再生产。

In the studies of the driving forces behind the development of the NGOs for environmental protection in China, scholars who are oriented by the ＂top-down＂ （government-leading） mode or the ＂bottom-up＂ mode have been so preoccupied with the relationship between organization and environment （state, society ） to the negligence of the important functions of the organization members, skills, organizational set-up and other core elements inside the organizations. This study takes the Fight-against-Dam campaign in Nujiang as an example to investigate into the driving mechanism of the movement of natural protection and rearing in China. This author maintains that the movement has been driven by the unique relationship and mobilization mechanism between different NGOs as well as between the NGOs and the mass media and the public. The NGOs are, quite commonly, forming a loose federation among themselves. Through the accumulative effect of such a federation, the voices of the otherwise separate and weak organizations are now loud enough to be heard and reckoned with by the society. The NGO-media federation, together with the mass mobilization network based on email spams, internal com- munication and the NGO webpages, have helped form a closely interactive relationship between the NGOs, the media and the public. At the same time, such an interactive mode owes its success to the effective mobilization of the members of the organizations and the reproduction of resources.