国家类型与民族问题的解决——兼谈国家对少数民族政策的“政治化”与“文化化”

The State Types and Solutions to Ethnic Problem——On the Politicization and Culturalization of National Minority Policy

近年来,围绕少数民族政策"政治化"与"文化化"问题的争论颇多。本文认为,相关争论应区分为对传统多民族国家与移民国家进行分类探讨。这两类国家在民族格局形成上的结构性特点对国家民族政策的特征起着主要的制约作用。传统多民族国家在民族政策上倾向于"政治化",这既是国家民族历史构建的自然延伸,也是现实状况的必然要求和对少数民族群体权利诉求的回应,有其合理性;移民国家在民族政策上倾向于"文化化",体现了国家在民族国家构建过程中的内在要求,同时也迎合了移民的期待,是国家和移民双向互动的结果,亦有其必然性。

Recently, there have been a lot of debates on the politicization and eulturalization of national minority policy. This paper holds that the debate should be carried out in terms of traditional multinational state and immigration state, i. e., the structural characteristic of the two types determines the feature of national minority policy. Concerning the traditional multinational state, the politicization trend of national minority policy has its own rationality, which are both the natural extension of the construction of national history, and the inevitable demand of social reality and the reponse to right appeals of national minority groups. Concerning the immigrant state, the cuhuralization trend of national minority policy has its inevitability, which not only embodies the inner demand of the construction of nation-state, but also caters to the expectations of immigrants.