非物质文化遗产保护的人类学透视

On the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage:An Anthropological Perspective

文化功能的多层次性及文化的政治性决定了对非物质文化遗产进行人为保护的必要性,文化变迁的常态性使动态保护成为应有之义,信仰的社会功能则决定了民间信仰类文化遗产的历史地位和保护价值。在实践层面上,文化的整体性使生态性保护成为必然,且应兼顾小生态与大生态的保护。我国现有的保护举措缺乏大众参与,需要从理解与认同主客位观点差异的基础上,汲取"草根智慧"与"地方性知识",激发非物质文化遗产承载社区的文化自觉,进行参与式保护。同时,应通过非物质文化遗产的第三方评定、设立濒危名录、改变保护拨款与认定级别严格挂钩等做法,防止"文化筛选"与"文化阶层化",以保护我国文化的多样性。

The multilevel functions and political connotations of culture necessitate the protection of intangible cultural heritages. The ever-changing characteristic of culture asks for dynamic strategies of protection. The social function of belief endows related intangible cultural heritages with historical significance and value of protection. In the practical domain, the integrity of culture requires protection both in the micro-ecological and macro-ecological senses. Considering the negligence of grassroots participation in our current protection practices, we should advocate participatory strategies on the basis of understanding and appreciating the differences between emic and etie standpoints, taking advantage of grassroots wisdom and local knowledge, and awakening the cultural consciousness of the communities concerned. Furthermore, we should try to prevent cultural ＂filtration＂ and ＂cultural stratification＂ by engaging an independent party in the process of evaluating intangible cultural heritages, by setting up the list of intangible cultural heritages in imminent danger, and by breaking the rigid linkage between protection funds and ranking.