“问题式”文学作品阅读教学设计浅论

Some Ideas about Designing the Teaching of Literary Works Reading in a "Problem Style"

"问题式"文学作品阅读教学设计是指通过提出文学作品中值得探讨的问题,进而设计解决这些问题的方法、试行解决这些问题、评价试行的结果并在评价基础上改进设计的一个系统过程。要利用"问题"来组织文学作品阅读教学,首先就是要设计文学作品阅读教学的目标或者说提出要解决的问题。将提的问题分成事实性问题、经验性问题、评价性问题和创造性问题四类,并给出了提这四类问题(特别是前三类)的层次和角度。问题解决就是在面对问题情境而没有现成的方法可以利用时,指向于将已知情境转化为目标情境的认知过程。现代认知心理学把问题解决过程分解为问题的表征、设计解题计划、执行计划和监控四个过程。文中对四类问题的表征和解决提出了一些思路和建议。

The designing of teaching literary works reading in a ＂problem style＂ is a systematic process ot teaching by asking questions about what in the literary works need discussing, of designing ways to find answers to the problems, of attempting to answer the problems and of evaluacing the results of the attempt. To make use of ＂ problems＂ to organize the teaching of literary works, the first step is to design the goal of teaching or to find out problems to give answers to. The problems are classified into four： problems of facts, problems of experience, problems of evaluation and problems of creation. Levels and angles for putling forward such problems （especially of the first three classes ） are also given. An answer to a problem refers to the process of converting the known circumstance to the goal circumstance when there is no existing method to make use of for the problem circumstance. Modern cognitive psychology breaks up the process of problem solution into the characteristics of the problem, the plan for designing an answer to the problem, the carrying out of the plan and the monitoring of it. Some considerations and suggestions about the characteristics and solution of the four classes of problems are given.