本体论批评的形成——从孔子对《诗经》的编订与评价谈起

Confucius and Ontological Poetic Theory——A Discussion of Compilation of the Poems and Its Evaluation

作为中国第一个文学理论家的孔子,在对《诗》的理解与评价过程中充满着一种从实用到艺术,从功利到文本的二元对立性:一方面,认同诗言志的现实,另一方面他又极力肯定诗的"缘情"作用。前者是他顺应时代风气的表现,后者是他对诗歌的真实理解。但是在选诗与评诗的标准上,他还是以缘情与艺术性为上:首先,孔子是极力肯定诗的"缘情"作用,并把诗歌的抒情性置于首位的,应该说,这是孔子文体觉醒的最突出标志;其次,是以艺术成就的高低为准而不管其社会影响和地位。兴、观、群、怨的提出,标志着孔子对包括各种功能在内的诗歌文体有了较为全面的认识,即把诗歌从文体性质(抒情性)到功能特征(反映社会和情感)以及创作心理(不平则鸣)都交代得非常清楚,时至今日的诗学体系建设也没有超出这个框架范畴。孔子文学艺术思想的出现,不但标志着中国本体论批评的觉醒与建立,而且还对中国诗学的发展产生了难以估量的影响。

As the first Chinese literary theorist, Confucius took a rather complex attitude toward Poems. For one thing, he cultivated a habit of expressing his aspiration by the poems; for another, he asserted the emotional function of the poems, which he regarded as prime importance. As a matter of fact, his cultivation of the habit indicates his conformation to the trend of the time; while his assertion of the emotional function implies his true understanding of the poems. The notion of ＂Xing＂ , ＂Guan＂ , ＂Qun＂ and ＂Yuan＂ he advanced marks Confucius＂ holistic apprehension of the genre of the poems, interpreting explicitly the nature （ lyrical ）, the function （representing social and emotional lives） and creative psychology （outerying against injustice） of the poems. The current poetic understanding remains within what Confucius proposed. The appearance of Confucius＇poetic theory not only marks the awakening and establishment of Chinese ontological poetic theory but also have notable influences on the development of Chinese poetics.