简论话语与批评

A Preliminary Study of "Discourse" and "Criticism"

话语狭义上是指语言的具体运作,广义上则是指一种社会实践的形式。作为人的一种表达方式,它不是一个纯粹个体的行为,而是显示了话语主体的社会位置、社会关注和社会身份。话语不仅表现世界,而且能够说明世界、组成世界和建构世界。文学话语既具有一般话语的性质,又具有与日常交流环境中的普通言谈行为不同的特殊之处,文学话语的独特性表现在指称与语境、表达与建构两个方面。而话语的生产性与批评理论的增殖、话语的对话性与批评理论的多元开放,则凸显了文学批评在话语性的文学整体活动中的真正意义和作用。

'Discourse' in a narrow sense refers to the actual operation of language,but in a broad sense it refers to the form of a social practice,which does not merely indicate an individual action but reveals the social position,role and identity of its subject. 'Discourse' does not only express the world but also explain,organize and construct the world. Literary discourse has the features of discourse in general but also has some traits different from the speech acts in our daily life. The unique features of literary discourse find expression in two aspects,reference and context;expression and construction. The productivity of discourse and the increment of literary criticism,the dialogue aspect of discourse and the pluralism and openness of literary theories reveal the real role and significance of literary criticism in the discourse-oriented literature as a whole.