清代济南市洪涝灾害研究

Study on flood disasters in the Qing dynasty in Jinan city

通过对文献资料的收集、整理和分析,对清代济南洪涝灾害的时间特征、灾害的等级序列和灾害成因进行了研究.结果表明:在清代268年间济南市共发生洪涝灾害110次,其中轻度涝灾41次,中度涝灾60次,大涝灾6次,特大涝灾3次;清代济南地区洪涝灾害变化可分为4个阶段,其中第1阶段(1644—1709年)和第3阶段(1780—1839年)为涝灾少发期,第2阶段(1710—1779年)和第4阶段(1840—1919年)为涝灾多发期;而且从早期到晚期洪涝灾害发生频率呈明显的增加趋势,洪涝灾害的成灾强度也呈现增强趋势.降水季节分配不均、降水集中、年降水量明显增加,是该地区清代洪涝灾害多发的主要原因,同时人类对自然环境的不合理改造和不科学的利用方式也加剧了洪涝灾害的发生及成灾程度.

By collecting,interpreting and analyzing the historical materials,the temporal distribution,grade series and formation causes of flood disasters of Jinan city in the Qing dynasty are studied.The results show that 110 flood disasters occurred in the Qing dynasty in Jinan city.The occurring frequency of flood disasters at the first grade was 41 times,and the occurring frequency of flood disasters at the second grade was 60 times.While the occurring frequency of flood disasters at the third and the fourth grade was 6 times and 3 times respectively.The flood disasters in Jinan city in the Qing dynasty can be divided into 4 stages.The first stage（1644—1709）and the third stage（1780—1839）were flooding low-fat period,the second stage（1710—1779）the fourth stage（1840—1919）were flooding high-fat period.From early to late the frequency of floods was obvious upward,and the strength of the floods was also upward.The main reason of the area in the Qing dynasty：The rainfall season was uneven distributed,rainfall was concentrated and the annual precipitation increased.At the same time,the natural environment of human transformation of the irrational and unscientific use also increased the occurrence of floods and the degree of disaster.