日本预审制度介评

Introduction and Evaluation of Japan's Pretrial System

明治维新以前的日本没有产生现代预审制度。明治维新后,日本仿照法国法建立了法国式的预审制度。第二次世界大战后,在美国法的强烈影响下,日本从人权保障的需要出发,废除了法国式的预审制度,但并没有仿照美国建立起美国式的预审制度,而是形成了具有日本特色的新的预审制度:原由预审法官行使的部分预审职权分别由司法警察职员、检察官和侦查法官行使;实行检察官起诉独占主义和起诉便宜主义,起到了预审的功能;检察审查会具有对检察官起诉进行审查之功用;付审判请求程序亦具有一定的起诉审查功能。

Before Meiji restoration, there was no modern pretrial system in Japan. After the restoration, Japan established a pretrial system of French pattern. After WW Ⅱ , under the influence of American law and in order to protect human rights, Japan abolished the French pattern. Instead of establishing the American pattern, Japan formed a new pretrial system of Japanese characteristics： partial power of the pretrial judge was executed by judicial police, prosecutor and investigating judge; carrying out exclusiveness of prosecution and the doctrine of prosecuting discretion; examinational committee examines prosecutor＇s prosecution; trial appealing procedure also has the function of indictment investigation.