华盛顿会议《五国海军条约》主力舰吨位比例考

Tonnage Proportionality of Capital Ship Decided in Washington Naval Conference

迄今为止,国内几乎所有的世界史和国际关系史教材都明确记载:华盛顿会议《五国海军条约》确定的美英日法意主力舰吨位的比例为5:5:3:1.75:1.75。但根据条约规定的五国主力舰吨位的具体数字计算,却只能得出5:5:3:1.67:1.67或者5.25:5.25:3.15:1.75:1.75。这与前面那个比例关系显然是不同的。查相关原始档案等资料,发现在《五国海军条约》的文本中,根本就没有出现有关比例的明确表述。5:5:3:1.75:1.75只是美国有关人士在会议初期的一种设想,但在后来达成的协议中,美英日三国主力舰吨位却超过了原来设想的限额,这个微妙变化最终使五国主力舰吨位固定在5:5:3:1.67:1.67或者5.25:5.25:3.15:1.75:1.75的比例关系上。可惜,对于这个变化,当时的一些新闻媒体并未理会,仍旧以5:5:3:1.75:1.75的比例关系加以报道,这对后来有关华盛顿会议的历史研究起了一定误导作用,中文著作关于五国主力舰吨位比例关系的错误记载,即根源于此。

Almost all the domestic course books on world history and international relation history have so far recorded that the tonnage proportionality should be 5 ： 5 ： 3 ： 1.75 ： 1.75 of the capital ships of the five countries： America, Britain, Japan, France and Italy, decided by the International Conference on Naval Limitation held at Washington during November 1921 and February 1922. However, the practical figures calculated from the five countries＇ tonnage proportionalities by the Treaty could only be 5 ： 5 ： 3 ： 1.67 ： 1.67, or 5.25 ： 5.25 ： 3.15 ： 1.75 ： 1.75, which is apparently different from the widely accepted percentages. In fact, the relevant document has no such explicit statement at all. The popular numbers are only a plan put forward by someone at the beginning of the Conference. The final decision displays that the limitations of the tonnage proportionalities of the capital ships of America, Britain and Japan outnumbered those in the tentative plan. Unfortunately, some of the then mass media just ignored the delicate change and reported the original numbers, which has misled the later studies per se, including the wrong recording in the Chinese course books.