资源枯竭矿区土地复垦与生态重建技术

Land Reclamation and Ecological Reconstruction in Resourceexhausted Mining Areas

资源枯竭矿区面临生态恢复的艰巨任务。中国以煤炭为主的矿业城市主要集中于中西部,枯竭矿区以中东部为主。在资源枯竭矿区,不同的矿产类型、开采方式、自然条件及"采、选、冶"等不同的生产活动,形成了压占、挖损、塌陷、污染等土地损毁类型。鉴于土地复垦途径的不同,提出乡村生态农业、城郊湿地公园或郊野公园、矿山公园等生态恢复方案。结合国内外矿区土地复垦与生态重建经验,分析了耕地复垦的景观重建和施工技术,河流水系修复、水分循环小气候修复、矿井水综合利用等技术,积水区土体处理与造景、地表植被恢复与造景、道路系统改造与景观连通、采矿遗迹的保护与改造等湿地修复技术,沉陷积水净化、积水水面改造、动植物配置等水体修复技术,村落特色保护与规划、建筑物基础建造等村落恢复技术,山脊生态廊道修复、山体的自然生态植被恢复和重建等山体恢复技术,林地选择与布局、树种规划、煤矸石山等废弃地抗旱栽植等林地重建技术等。在科学规划、及时有效治理下,资源枯竭矿区生态环境可得到修复,并能够促进矿区持续发展。

Resource-exhausted mining areas are faced with an arduous task of ecological restoration. The previous studies show that the coal-based mining cities in China are mainly distributed in the middle and west parts, but the resource-exhausted mining areas are mainly in the middle and east parts. The resource-exhausted mining areas are related with different types of mineral resources, mining methods, natural conditions and production activities of ＂mining, dressing and smelting＂, which may cause various land damage types, such as, occupation, destroy, subsidence and pollution. In view of different land reclamation approaches, this paper proposes various ecological restoration programs of reclaiming damage land for the use of rural ecological agriculture, suburban wetland parks/country parks, mine parks, etc. Based on experiences both at home and abroad about land reclamation and ecological restoration in mining areas, various ecological restoration techniques are analyzed. Cropland restoration technique is to restore and construct reclaimed cropland landscape. Water resources restoration technique is to restore river system and microclimate for water cycle, and to use mine water for multi-purposes. Wetland restoration technique is to restore and create soil landscape and surface vegetation landscape, and to reconstruct road system and connect it with surrounding landscapes, and to protect and restore mining heritages. Water body restoration technique is to purify gathered water in subsidence, and to restore gathered water surface, and to allocate animals/vegetations. Village restoration technique is to protect and plan feature villages, with architecture/infrastructure. Mountain ridge restoration technique is to restore mountain ridge ecological corridors, and to restore and recover natural vegetations in mountains. And forest land restoration technique is to select and layout forest land, and to plan tree species, and to test and build anti-drought vegetation in abandoned coa 1 waste pileups. With scientific planning and timely and effective treatment, not only the ecological environment in resource-exhausted mining areas can be restored but also a new economic growth point for sustainable development can be created in mining areas.