海河流域与墨累-达令流域管理比较研究

Comparison of the Basin Management between the Murray-Darling Basin and Haihe River Basin

中国海河流域和墨累-达令流域在水资源状况、用水结构、面临的环境问题等方面具有一定的相似性,对两国流域管理的不同方面开展比较研究,结果表明:①墨累-达令流域实行联邦政府、州政府、各地水管理局三级管理体制,合理、有效地促进流域管理的有效实施;海河流域实行多部门、多层次的流域管理体制,造成管理部门各自为政、分割管理的局面;②墨累-达令流域立法理念统筹考虑流域内的水、土和其他环境资源要素,使流域管理的各个方面都有法可依;而海河流域缺少流域综合管理的、可操作性的法律法规;③墨累-达令流域在政府有效调控下,通过完善的水权制度、规范的水市场建设,逐步实现水资源的优化配置;海河流域水资源分配则主要通过行政手段;④墨累-达令流域管理注重公众参与;海河流域管理中利益相关者参与流域管理的体系不健全。借鉴墨累-达令流域的成功管理经验,提出适合海河流域管理的政策建议:流域管理过程中倡导一体化的管理理念;构建符合中国实际情况的海河流域管理体系;建立、完善和实施流域管理法规体系;建立和完善符合中国实际的水资源市场运作体制;加强和完善公众参与机制。

The Murray-Darling Basin （MDB） is Australia’s most important agricultural region. During the past years,MDB has encountered water and environmental problems,such as limited water resources,inefficient utilization of water,water scarcity,and other issues involving other natural resources. After five decades,a unique pattern of basin management formed gradually,and become an outstanding example for the world to follow. Haihe River basin is the economic,political and cultural center of China and has the similar situation with that in MDB,including water resources,water use structure and other environmental problems. It is urged that effective management should be performed to solve the current issues. The comparison results between the two basins are： 1） the management system is reasonable and effective in MDB,because in the system there are three levels of governments,including the local administrative department,state government and the federal government. In contrast,the management of the Haihe River Basin at different reaches involves several governmental sectors and different levels,causing a complicated situation with independent policies and separated management. 2） based on the integrated management concept,the management system in MDB has considered water,soil,and other environmental elements to ensure the coverage of law in different reaches of the river; however,there is a lack of comprehensive management and operational laws and regulations in HRB. 3） The key water reform objective of management in the MDB is the establishment of efficient water markets,which realizes optimal allocation of water resources; while in HRB,the allocation of water resources is mainly through administrative means. 4） The MBD management focuses on public participation,but the system of participants and management is incomplete in HRB. Learning from the successful management experience of MDB,it is recommended that： in the process of basin management in HRB,the concept of integrated management should be advocated; the HRB management system should be constructed in accordance with China’s actual situation; the legal system for basin management should be established or improve; actual and operational water market should be established and or improved; a mechanism for public participation should be strengthened.